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The Economics of Innovation in Times of Pandemic: How to Incentivise the Development, Supply, and Continuous Improvement of Innovative Solutions to Fight COVID-19?
22 May 2020
…But lockdowns have dramatic negative economic and social consequences – a GDP decrease of 20%-30% for the G7 – with associated mortality and morbidity. When countries (i.e. Spain, Italy, UK, France)…
H.R. 3 is the Wrong Policy for the Wrong Problem
10 September 2021
…and France. The US spends more on health care than any other developed country – 17.1% of US GDP ($3.8 trillion) in 2019 and double the per capita spend in…
Ophthalmic Service
1 July 1970
…France and Germany. There the optician has remained much more closely associated with the manufacture of spectacles. This paper is concerned with only one specialised part of eye care, that…
European Medicines Pricing and Reimbursement: Now and the Future
1 January 2007
…scenarios that might emerge in the next decade. – Martina Garau and Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz in the Introduction Contents – Pricing and reimbursement policies in France: current and future trends; Pricing…
Childhood Vaccination: Current Controversies
1 July 1984
…at the end of the eighteenth century with Jenner’s demonstration that smallpox could be prevented by first ‘vaccinating’ individuals with cowpox. Eighty years later, the work of Pasteur in France…
Patterns of European Diagnoses and Prescribing
1 January 1984
…major European countries – France, Federal Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. The data source was the Medical Data Index (MDI, 1982 data) which is an international sample survey of…
Measuring the Benefits of Medicines: The Future Agenda
1 March 1990
…Europe. In his keynote speech. Sir Christopher France referred to health economics as having ‘come of age’ because the first health economist in the then Ministry of Health in London…
Chronic Venous Diseases of the Leg
1 December 1992
…estimates of their economic cost in five European countries, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. It reviews the benefits and risks of alternative treatments and highlights the potential for innovations…
Trade and Price Differentials for Pharmaceuticals: Policy Options
1 May 1997
…countries, such as France, Spain or Greece, into countries with higher prices, such as Germany, the UK or the Netherlands. The European Court of Justice has upheld parallel importing, as…